JDBC Driver¶

Configuration Connection¶

The DriverManager is an interface for managing the JDBC driver. It is used to select a driver and create new database connection. If CUBRID JDBC driver is registered, you can connect a database by calling the DriverManager.getConnection (db-url, user-id, password) method.

The getConnection method returns the Connection object and it is used to execute queries and commands, and commit and roll back transactions. The syntax below shows the db-url argument for configuring connection.

jdbc:cubrid:<host>:<port>:<db-name>:[user-id]:[password]:[?<property> [& <property>]]

<host> ::=
hostname | ip_address

<property> ::= altHosts=<alternative_hosts>
             | rcTime=<second>
             | loadBalance=<bool_type>
             | connectTimeout=<second>
             | queryTimeout=<second>
             | charSet=<character_set>
             | zeroDateTimeBehavior=<behavior_type>
             | logFile=<file_name>
             | logOnException=<bool_type>
             | logSlowQueries=<bool_type>&slowQueryThresholdMillis=<millisecond>
             | useLazyConnection=<bool_type>

    <alternative_hosts> ::=
    <standby_broker1_host>:<port> [,<standby_broker2_host>:<port>]
    <behavior_type> ::= exception | round | convertToNull
    <bool_type> ::= true | false

• host: IP address or host name where the CUBRID broker is running

• port: The CUBRID broker port number (default value: 33,000)

• db-name: The name of the database to connect

• user-id: The user ID which is connected to a database. There are two types of users in a database by default: dba and public. If this is NULL, it becomes <db_user> in db-url. If this is an empty string (""), it becomes a public user.

• password: The password of a user who is to be connected to a database. If this is NULL, <db_password> in db-url is used. If this is an empty string (""), DB password becomes an empty string. You cannot include ':' in the password of the db-url string.

• <property>

  • altHosts: The host IP addresses and connection ports of one or more stand by brokers which will perform failover in the HA environment.

    Note

    Even if there are RW and RO together in ACCESS_MODE* setting of brokers of main host and altHosts, application decides the target host to access without the relation for the setting of ACCESS_MODE. Therefore, you should define the main host and altHosts as considering ACCESS_MODE of target brokers.

  • rcTime: Interval time (in seconds) to try to connect active brokers during failover in the HA environment. See the below URL example.

  • loadBalance: If this value is true, the application tries to connect with main host and altHosts in random order(default value: false).

  • connectTimeout: Timeout value (in seconds) for database connection. The default value is 30 seconds. If this value is 0, it means infinite waiting. This value is also applied when internal reconnection occurs after the initial connection. The DriverManger.setLoginTimeout () method can be used to configure it; however, the value configured in this method will be ignored if a value is configured in the connection URL.

  • queryTimeout: Timeout value (in seconds) for query execution (default value: 0, infinite). The maximum value is 2,000,000. This value can be changed by the DriverManger.setQueryTimeout () method.

    Note

    When you run executeBatch() method, the query timeout is applied in one method call, not in one query.

  • charSet: The character set of a database to be connected

  • zeroDateTimeBehavior: The property used to determine the way to handle an output value; because JDBC does not allow a value having zero for both date and time regardless of date and time in the object with the java.sql.Date type. For information about the value having zero for both date and date, see Date/Time Types.

    The default operation is exception. The operation for each configuration is as follows:

    • exception: Default operation. It is handled as an SQLException exception.
    • round: Converts to the minimum value allowed for a type to be returned. Exceptionally, when the value's type is TIMESTAMP, this value is rounded as '1970-01-01 00:00:00'(GST). (yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss)
    • convertToNull: Converts to NULL.

  • logFile: The name of a log file for debugging (default value: cubrid_jdbc.log). If a path is not configured, it is stored the location where applications are running.

  • logOnException: Whether to log exception handling for debugging (default value: false)

  • logSlowQueries: Whether to log slow queries for debugging (default value: false)

    • slowQueryThresholdMillis: Timeout value (in milliseconds) of slow queries (default value: 60,000).

  • useLazyConnection: If this is true, it returns success without connecting to the broker when user requests the connection, and it connects to the broker after calling prepare or execute function(default: false). If this value is true, it can prevent from access delay or failure as many application clients restart simultaniously and create connection pools.

Example 1

--connection URL string when user name and password omitted

URL=jdbc:CUBRID:192.168.0.1:33000:demodb:public::

--connection URL string when zeroDateTimeBehavior property specified
URL=jdbc:CUBRID:127.0.0.1:33000:demodb:public::?zeroDateTimeBehavior=convertToNull

--connection URL string when charSet property specified

URL=jdbc:CUBRID:192.168.0.1:33000:demodb:public::?charSet=utf-8

--connection URL string when queryTimeout and charSet property specified

URL=jdbc:CUBRID:127.0.0.1:33000:demodb:public::?queryTimeout=1&charSet=utf-8

--connection URL string when a property(altHosts) specified for HA
URL=jdbc:CUBRID:192.168.0.1:33000:demodb:public::?altHosts=192.168.0.2:33000,192.168.0.3:33000

--connection URL string when properties(altHosts,rcTime, connectTimeout) specified for HA
URL=jdbc:CUBRID:192.168.0.1:33000:demodb:public::?altHosts=192.168.0.2:33000,192.168.0.3:33000&rcTime=600&connectTimeout=5

--connection URL string when properties(altHosts,rcTime, charSet) specified for HA
URL=jdbc:CUBRID:192.168.0.1:33000:demodb:public::?altHosts=192.168.0.2:33000,192.168.0.3:33000&rcTime=600&charSet=utf-8

Example 2

String url = "jdbc:cubrid:192.168.0.1:33000:demodb:public::";
String userid = "";
String password = "";

try {
   Connection conn =
           DriverManager.getConnection(url,userid,password);
   // Do something with the Connection

   ...

   } catch (SQLException e) {
       System.out.println("SQLException:" + e.getMessage());
       System.out.println("SQLState: " + e.getSQLState());
   }
   ...

Connecting with DataSource¶

DataSource is the concept to be introduced in JDBC 2.0 API extention; it supports connection pooling and distributed transaction. CUBRID supports only connection pooling and do not supports distributed transaction and JNDI.

CUBRIDDataSource is DataSource implemented in CUBRID.

Creating a DataSource Object

To create a DataSource object, call as follows.

CUBRIDDataSource ds = null;
ds = new CUBRIDDataSource();

Setting Connection Properties

Connection properties are used to configure connections between datasource and CUBRID DBMS. General properties are a DB name, a host name, a port number, a user name and a password.

To set or get the values of properties, use below methods which is implemented in cubrid.jdbc.driver.CUBRIDDataSource.

public PrintWriter getLogWriter();
public void setLogWriter(PrintWriter out);
public void setLoginTimeout(int seconds);
public int getLoginTimeout();
public String getDatabaseName();
public String getDatabaseName();
public String getDataSourceName();
public String getDescription();
public String getNetworkProtocol();
public String getPassword();
public int getPortNumber();
public int getPort();
public String getRoleName();
public String getServerName();
public String getUser();
public String getURL();
public String getUrl();
public void setDatabaseName(String dbName);
public void setDescription(String desc);
public void setNetworkProtocol(String netProtocol);
public void setPassword(String psswd);
public void setPortNumber(int p);
public void setPort(int p);
public void setRoleName(String rName);
public void setServerName(String svName);
public void setUser(String uName);
public void setUrl(String urlString);
public void setURL(String urlString);

Especially, use a setURL() method to set the property through a URL string. Regarding URL string, see Configuration Connection.

import cubrid.jdbc.driver.CUBRIDDataSource;
...
CUBRIDDataSource ds = null;
ds = new CUBRIDDataSource();
ds.setUrl("jdbc:cubrid:10.113.153.144:55300:demodb:::?charset=utf8&logSlowQueries=true&slowQueryThresholdMillis=1000&logTraceApi=true&logTraceNetwork=true");

Call getConnection method to get a connection object from DataSource.

Connection connection = null;
connection = ds.getConnection("dba", "");

CUBRIDConnectionPoolDataSource is an object which connection-pool datasource is implemented in CUBRID; it includes the methods of the same names with the methods of CUBRIDDataSource.

For detail examples, see Connecting to a DataSource Object in JDBC Sample Program.

Checking SQL LOG¶

The connection URL information can be printed out by calling cubrid.jdbc.driver.CUBRIDConnection.toString() method.

e.g.) cubrid.jdbc.driver.CUBRIDConnection(CAS ID : 1, PROCESS ID : 22922)

You can find SQL log of that CAS easily by CAS ID which is printed out.

For more details, see Checking SQL Log.

Checking Foreign Key Information¶

You can check foreign key information by using getImportedKeys, getExportedKeys, and getCrossReference methods of the DatabaseMetaData interface. The usage and example of each method are as follows:

getImportedKeys(String catalog, String schema, String table)

getExportedKeys(String catalog, String schema, String table)

getCrossReference(String parentCatalog, String parentSchema, String parentTable, String foreignCatalog, String foreignSchema, String foreignTable)

• getImportedKeys method: Retrieves information of primary key columns which are referred by foreign key columns in a given table. The results are sorted by PKTABLE_NAME and KEY_SEQ.
• getExportedKeys method: Retrieves information of all foreign key columns which refer to primary key columns in a given table. The results are sorted by FKTABLE_NAME and KEY_SEQ.
• getCrossReference method: Retrieves information of primary key columns which are referred by foreign key columns in a given table. The results are sorted by PKTABLE_NAME and KEY_SEQ.

Return Value

When the methods above are called, the ResultSet consisting of 14 columns listed in the table below is returned.

Example

ResultSet rs = null;
DatabaseMetaData dbmd = conn.getMetaData();

System.out.println("\n===== Test getImportedKeys");
System.out.println("=====");
rs = dbmd.getImportedKeys(null, null, "pk_table");
Test.printFkInfo(rs);
rs.close();

System.out.println("\n===== Test getExportedKeys");
System.out.println("=====");
rs = dbmd.getExportedKeys(null, null, "fk_table");
Test.printFkInfo(rs);
rs.close();

System.out.println("\n===== Test getCrossReference");
System.out.println("=====");
rs = dbmd.getCrossReference(null, null, "pk_table", null, null, "fk_table");
Test.printFkInfo(rs);
rs.close();

Using Object Identifiers (OIDs) and Collections¶

In addition to the methods defined in the JDBC specification, CUBRID JDBC driver provides methods that handle OIDs and collections (set, multiset, and sequence).

To use these methods, you must import cubrid.sql.*; as well as the CUBRID JDBC driver classes which are imported by default. Furthermore, you should convert to not the ResultSet class, which is provided by the standard JDBC API) but the CUBRIDResultSet class to get result.

import cubrid.jdbc.driver.* ;
import cubrid.sql.* ;
...

CUBRIDResultSet urs = (CUBRIDResultSet) stmt.executeQuery(
    "SELECT city FROM location");

import java.sql.*;
import cubrid.sql.*; //a
import cubrid.jdbc.driver.*;

/*
CREATE TABLE oid_test(
   id INTEGER,
   name VARCHAR(10),
   age INTEGER
);

INSERT INTO oid_test VALUES(1, 'Laura', 32);
INSERT INTO oid_test VALUES(2, 'Daniel', 39);
INSERT INTO oid_test VALUES(3, 'Stephen', 38);
*/

class OID_Sample
{
   public static void main (String args [])
   {
      // Making a connection
      String url= "jdbc:cubrid:localhost:33000:demodb:public::";
      String user = "dba";
      String passwd = "";

      // SQL statement to get OID values
      String sql = "SELECT oid_test from oid_test"; //b
      // columns of the table
      String[] attr = { "id", "name", "age" } ;


      // Declaring variables for Connection and Statement
      Connection con = null;
      Statement stmt = null;
      CUBRIDResultSet rs = null;
      ResultSetMetaData rsmd = null;

      try {
         Class.forName("cubrid.jdbc.driver.CUBRIDDriver");
      } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
         throw new IllegalStateException("Unable to load Cubrid driver", e);
      }

      try {
         con = DriverManager.getConnection(url, user, passwd);
         stmt = con.createStatement();
         rs = (CUBRIDResultSet)stmt.executeQuery(sql); //c
         rsmd = rs.getMetaData();

         // Printing columns
         int numOfColumn = rsmd.getColumnCount();
         for (int i = 1; i <= numOfColumn; i++ ) {
            String ColumnName = rsmd.getColumnName(i);
            String JdbcType = rsmd.getColumnTypeName(i);
            System.out.print(ColumnName );
            System.out.print("("+ JdbcType + ")");
            System.out.print(" | ");
         }
         System.out.print("\n");

         // Printing rows
         CUBRIDResultSet rsoid = null;
         int k = 1;

         while (rs.next()) {
            CUBRIDOID oid = rs.getOID(1); //d
            System.out.print("OID");
            System.out.print(" | ");
            rsoid = (CUBRIDResultSet)oid.getValues(attr); //e

            while (rsoid.next()) {
               for( int j=1; j <= attr.length; j++ ) {
                  System.out.print(rsoid.getObject(j));
                  System.out.print(" | ");
               }
            }
            System.out.print("\n");

            // New values of the first row
            Object[] value = { 4, "Yu-ri", 19 };
            if (k == 1) oid.setValues(attr, value); //f

            k = 0;
         }
         con.commit(); //g

      } catch(CUBRIDException e) {
         e.printStackTrace();

      } catch(SQLException ex) {
         ex.printStackTrace();

      } finally {
         if(rs != null) try { rs.close(); } catch(SQLException e) {}
         if(stmt != null) try { stmt.close(); } catch(SQLException e) {}
         if(con != null) try { con.close(); } catch(SQLException e) {}
      }
   }
}

import java.sql.*;
import java.lang.*;
import cubrid.sql.*;
import cubrid.jdbc.driver.*;

// create class collection_test(
// settest set(integer),
// multisettest multiset(integer),
// listtest list(Integer)
// );
//

// insert into collection_test values({1,2,3},{1,2,3},{1,2,3});
// insert into collection_test values({2,3,4},{2,3,4},{2,3,4});
// insert into collection_test values({3,4,5},{3,4,5},{3,4,5});

class Collection_Sample
{
   public static void main (String args [])
   {
       String url= "jdbc:cubrid:127.0.0.1:33000:demodb:public::";
       String user = "";
       String passwd = "";
       String sql = "select settest,multisettest,listtest from collection_test";
       try {
           Class.forName("cubrid.jdbc.driver.CUBRIDDriver");
       } catch(Exception e){
           e.printStackTrace();
       }
       try {
           Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url,user,passwd);
           Statement stmt = con.createStatement();
           CUBRIDResultSet rs = (CUBRIDResultSet) stmt.executeQuery(sql);
           CUBRIDResultSetMetaData rsmd = (CUBRIDResultSetMetaData) rs.getMeta Data();
           int numbOfColumn = rsmd.getColumnCount();
           while (rs.next ()) {
               for (int j=1; j<=numbOfColumn; j++ ) {
                   Object[] reset = (Object[]) rs.getCollection(j); //a
                   for (int m=0 ; m < reset.length ; m++)
                       System.out.print(reset[m] +",");
                   System.out.print(" | ");
               }
               System.out.print("\n");
           }
           rs.close();
           stmt.close();
           con.close();
       } catch(SQLException e) {
           e.printStackTrace();
       }
   }
}

import java.sql.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.lang.*;
import cubrid.sql.*;
import cubrid.jdbc.driver.*;

// create class collection_test(
// settest set(integer),
// multisettest multiset(integer),
// listtest list(Integer)
// );
//
// insert into collection_test values({1,2,3},{1,2,3},{1,2,3});
// insert into collection_test values({2,3,4},{2,3,4},{2,3,4});
// insert into collection_test values({3,4,5},{3,4,5},{3,4,5});

class SetOP_Sample
{
   public static void main (String args [])
   {
       String url = "jdbc:cubrid:127.0.0.1:33000:demodb:public::";
       String user = "";
       String passwd = "";
       String sql = "select collection_test from collection_test";
       try {
           Class.forName("cubrid.jdbc.driver.CUBRIDDriver");
       } catch(Exception e){
           e.printStackTrace();
       }
       try {
           CUBRIDConnection con =(CUBRIDConnection)
           DriverManager.getConnection(url,user,passwd);
           Statement stmt = con.createStatement();
           CUBRIDResultSet rs = (CUBRIDResultSet)stmt.executeQuery(sql);
           while (rs.next ()) {
               CUBRIDOID oid = rs.getOID(1);
               oid.addToSet("settest",new Integer(10));
               oid.addToSet("multisettest",new Integer(20));
               oid.addToSequence("listtest",1,new Integer(30));
               oid.addToSequence("listtest",100,new Integer(100));
               oid.putIntoSequence("listtest",99,new Integer(99));
               oid.removeFromSet("settest",new Integer(1));
               oid.removeFromSet("multisettest",new Integer(2));
               oid.removeFromSequence("listtest",99);
               oid.removeFromSequence("listtest",1);
           }
           con.commit();
           rs.close();
           stmt.close();
           con.close();
       } catch(SQLException e) {
           e.printStackTrace();
       }
   }
}

Getting Auto Increment Column Value¶

Auto increment (AUTO_INCREMENT) is a column-related feature that increments the numeric value of each row. For more information, see Column Definition. It can be defined only for numeric domains (SMALLINT, INTEGER, DECIMAL (p, 0), and NUMERIC (p, 0)).

Auto increment is recognized as automatically created keys in the JDBC programs. To retrieve the key, you need to specify the time to insert a row from which the automatically created key value is to be retrieved. To perform it, you must set the flag by calling Connection.prepareStatement and Statement.execute methods. In this case, the command executed should be the INSERT statement or INSERT within SELECT statement. For other commands, the JDBC driver ignores the flag-setting parameter.

Steps

• Use one of the following to indicate whether or not to return keys created automatically. The following method forms are used for tables of the database server that supports the auto increment columns. Each method form can be applied only to a single-row INSERT statement.

  • Write the PreparedStatement object as shown below.

    Connection.prepareStatement(sql statement, Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS);
    

  • To insert a row by using the Statement.execute method, use the Statement.execute method as shown below.

    Statement.execute(sql statement, Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS);
    

• Get the ResultSet object containing automatically created key values by calling the PreparedStatement.getGeneratedKeys or Statement.getGeneratedKeys method. Note that the data type of the automatically created keys in ResultSet is DECIMAL regardless of the data type of the given domain.

Example

The following example shows how to create a table with auto increment, enter data into the table so that automatically created key values are entered into auto increment columns, and check whether the key values are successfully retrieved by using the Statement.getGeneratedKeys () method. Each step is explained in the comments for commands that correspond to the steps above.

import java.sql.*;
import java.math.*;
import cubrid.jdbc.driver.*;

Connection con;
Statement stmt;
ResultSet rs;
java.math.BigDecimal iDColVar;
...
stmt = con.createStatement();     // Create a Statement object

// Create table with identity column
stmt.executeUpdate(
    "CREATE TABLE EMP_PHONE (EMPNO CHAR(6), PHONENO CHAR(4), " +
    "IDENTCOL INTEGER AUTO_INCREMENT)");

stmt.execute(
    "INSERT INTO EMP_PHONE (EMPNO, PHONENO) " +
    "VALUES ('000010', '5555')",               // Insert a row  <Step 1>
    Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS);        // Indicate you want automatically


rs = stmt.getGeneratedKeys();    // generated keys

// Retrieve the automatically  <Step 2>
// generated key value in a ResultSet.
// Only one row is returned.
// Create ResultSet for query
while (rs.next()) {
    java.math.BigDecimal idColVar = rs.getBigDecimal(1);
    // Get automatically generated key value
    System.out.println("automatically generated key value = " + idColVar);
}

rs.close();                          // Close ResultSet
stmt.close();                        // Close Statement

Using BLOB/CLOB¶

The interface that handles LOB data in JDBC is implemented based on JDBC 4.0 specification. The constraints of the interface are as follows:

• Only sequential write is supported when creating BLOB or CLOB object. Writing to arbitrary locations is not supported.

• You cannot change BLOB or CLOB data by calling methods of BLOB or CLOB object fetched from ResultSet.

• Blob.truncate, Clob.truncate, Blob.position, and Clob.position methods are supported.

• You cannot bind the LOB data by calling PreparedStatement.setAsciiStream, PreparedStatement.setBinaryStream, and PreparedStatement.setCharacterStream methods for BLOB/CLOB type columns.

• To use BLOB / CLOB type in the environment where JDBC 4.0 is not supported such as JDK versions 1.5 or earlier, you must do explicit type conversion for the conn object to CUBRIDConnection. See example below.

  //JDK 1.6 or higher
  
  import java.sql.*;
  
  Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, id, passwd);
  Blob blob = conn.createBlob();
  
  
  //JDK 1.5 or lower
  
  import java.sql.*;
  import cubrid.jdbc.driver.*;
  
  Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, id, passwd);
  Blob blob = ((CUBRIDConnection)conn).createBlob();
  

Storing LOB Data

You can bind the LOB type data in the following ways.

• Create java.sql.Blob or java.sql.Clob object, store file content in the object, use setBlob () or setClob () of PreparedStatement (example 1).
• Execute a query, get java.sql.Blob or java.sql.Clob object from the ResultSet object, and bind the object in PreparedStatement (example 2).

Example 1

Class.forName("cubrid.jdbc.driver.CUBRIDDriver");
Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection ("jdbc:cubrid:localhost:33000:image_db:user1:password1:", "", "");

PreparedStatement pstmt1 = conn.prepareStatement("INSERT INTO doc(image_id, doc_id, image) VALUES (?,?,?)");
pstmt1.setString(1, "image-21");
pstmt1.setString(2, "doc-21");

//Creating an empty file in the file system
Blob bImage = conn.createBlob();
byte[] bArray = new byte[256];
...

//Inserting data into the external file. Position is start with 1.
bImage.setBytes(1, bArray);
//Appending data into the external file
bImage.setBytes(257, bArray);
...

pstmt1.setBlob(3, bImage);
pstmt1.executeUpdate();
...

Example 2

Class.forName("cubrid.jdbc.driver.CUBRIDDriver");
Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection ("jdbc:cubrid:localhost:33000:image_db:user1:password1:", "", "");
conn.setAutoCommit(false);

PreparedStatement pstmt1 = conn.prepareStatement("SELECT image FROM doc WHERE image_id = ? ");
pstmt1.setString(1, "image-21");
ResultSet rs = pstmt1.executeQuery();

while (rs.next())
{
    Blob bImage = rs.getBlob(1);
    PreparedStatement pstmt2 = conn.prepareStatement("INSERT INTO doc(image_id, doc_id, image) VALUES (?,?,?)");
    pstmt2.setString(1, "image-22")
    pstmt2.setString(2, "doc-22")
    pstmt2.setBlob(3, bImage);
    pstmt2.executeUpdate();
    pstmt2.close();
}

pstmt1.close();
conn.commit();
conn.setAutoCommit(true);
conn.close();
...

Getting LOB Data

You can get the LOB type data in the following ways.

• Get data directly from ResultSet by using getBytes () or getString () method (example 1).
• Get the java.sql.Blob or java.sql.Clob object from ResultSet by calling getBlob () or getClob () method and get data for this object by using the getBytes () or getSubString () method (example 2).

Example 1

Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection ("jdbc:cubrid:localhost:33000:image_db:user1:password1:", "", "");

// Getting data directly from ResetSet
PrepareStatement pstmt1 = conn.prepareStatement("SELECT content FROM doc_t WHERE doc_id = ? ");
pstmt2.setString(1, "doc-10");
ResultSet rs = pstmt1.executeQuery();

while (rs.next())
{
    String sContent = rs.getString(1);
    System.out.println("doc.content= "+sContent.);
}

Example 2

Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection ("jdbc:cubrid:localhost:33000:image_db:user1:password1:", "", "");

// Getting BLOB data from ResultSet and getting data from the BLOB object
PrepareStatement pstmt2 = conn.prepareStatement("SELECT image FROM image_t WHERE image_id = ?");
pstmt2.setString(1,"image-20");
ResultSet rs = pstmt2.executeQuery();

while (rs.next())
{
    Blob bImage = rs.getBlob(1);
    Bytes[] bArray = bImange.getBytes(1, (int)bImage.length());
}

setBoolean¶

prepareStatement.setBoolean(1, true) will set

• 1 for numeric types
• '1' for string types

prepareStatement.setBooelan(1, false) will set

• 0 for numeric types
• '0' for string types

JDBC Error Codes and Error Messages¶

JDBC error codes which occur in SQLException are as follows.

• All error codes are negative.
• After SQLException, error number can be shown by SQLException.getErrorCode() and error message can be shown by SQLException.getMessage().
• If the value of error code is between -21001 and -21999, it is caused by CUBRID JDBC methods.
• If the value of error code is between -10000 and -10999, it is caused by CAS and transferred by JDBC methods. For CAS errors, see CAS Error.
• If the value of error code is between 0 and -9999, it is caused by database server. For database server errors, see Database Server Errors.